Introduction
Operators in Python are special symbols that perform operations on variables and values. Python supports a variety of operators, categorized as follows:
- Arithmetic Operators
- Assignment Operators
- Comparison Operators
- Logical Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Membership Operators
- Identity Operators
1. Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical operations.
| Operator | Name | Example |
|---|---|---|
+ |
Addition | x + y |
- |
Subtraction | x - y |
* |
Multiplication | x * y |
/ |
Division | x / y |
% |
Modulus | x % y |
** |
Exponentiation | x ** y |
// |
Floor Division | x // y |
Examples:
x = 10
y = 3
print(x + y) # Output: 13
print(x - y) # Output: 7
print(x * y) # Output: 30
print(x / y) # Output: 3.3333333333333335
print(x % y) # Output: 1
print(x ** y) # Output: 1000
print(x // y) # Output: 3
2. Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.
| Operator | Example | Equivalent to |
|---|---|---|
= |
x = y |
x = y |
+= |
x += y |
x = x + y |
-= |
x -= y |
x = x - y |
*= |
x *= y |
x = x * y |
/= |
x /= y |
x = x / y |
%= |
x %= y |
x = x % y |
**= |
x **= y |
x = x ** y |
//= |
x //= y |
x = x // y |
Examples:
x = 10
x += 5 # Equivalent to x = x + 5
print(x) # Output: 15
x *= 2 # Equivalent to x = x * 2
print(x) # Output: 30
3. Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used to compare two values and return a Boolean result (True or False).
| Operator | Name | Example |
|---|---|---|
== |
Equal to | x == y |
!= |
Not equal to | x != y |
> |
Greater than | x > y |
< |
Less than | x < y |
>= |
Greater than or equal to | x >= y |
<= |
Less than or equal to | x <= y |
Examples:
x = 10
y = 5
print(x == y) # Output: False
print(x != y) # Output: True
print(x > y) # Output: True
print(x < y) # Output: False
print(x >= y) # Output: True
print(x <= y) # Output: False
4. Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.
| Operator | Name | Example |
|---|---|---|
and |
Logical AND | x and y |
or |
Logical OR | x or y |
not |
Logical NOT | not x |
Examples:
x = True
y = False
print(x and y) # Output: False
print(x or y) # Output: True
print(not x) # Output: False
5. Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators are used to perform bit-level operations on integers.
| Operator | Name | Example |
|---|---|---|
& |
AND | x & y |
| ` | ` | OR |
^ |
XOR | x ^ y |
~ |
NOT | ~x |
<< |
Left Shift | x << y |
>> |
Right Shift | x >> y |
Examples:
x = 10 # In binary: 1010
y = 4 # In binary: 0100
print(x & y) # Output: 0 (binary: 0000)
print(x | y) # Output: 14 (binary: 1110)
print(x ^ y) # Output: 14 (binary: 1110)
print(~x) # Output: -11 (binary: ...11110101, inverting all bits)
print(x << 2) # Output: 40 (binary: 101000)
print(x >> 2) # Output: 2 (binary: 0010)
6. Membership Operators
Membership operators are used to test if a sequence (like a string, list, or tuple) contains a specified value.
| Operator | Name | Example |
|---|---|---|
in |
In | x in y |
not in |
Not In | x not in y |
Examples:
x = "Hello"
y = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print("H" in x) # Output: True
print("h" in x) # Output: False
print(3 in y) # Output: True
print(6 not in y) # Output: True
7. Identity Operators
Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.
| Operator | Name | Example |
|---|---|---|
is |
Is | x is y |
is not |
Is Not | x is not y |
Examples:
x = ["apple", "banana"]
y = ["apple", "banana"]
z = x
print(x is z) # Output: True (z is the same object as x)
print(x is y) # Output: False (x and y are different objects with the same content)
print(x == y) # Output: True (x and y have the same content)
print(x is not y) # Output: True (x and y are different objects)
Conclusion
Understanding Python operators is fundamental for performing various operations on data. This guide covers the different categories of operators, including arithmetic, assignment, comparison, logical, bitwise, membership, and identity operators. Mastering these operators will enable you to write more complex and efficient Python code.