Introduction A basic calculator program allows users to perform simple arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The program typically prompts the user to input two numbers and an operator, then performs the corresponding operation and displays the result. Example: Input: First number: 10 Operator: + Second number: 5 Output: 10 + 5 = …
Introduction In many programming scenarios, you may need to generate random numbers, whether for simulations, games, random sampling, or other purposes. The C programming language provides the rand() function, which generates a pseudo-random integer between 0 and RAND_MAX. You can combine rand() with the modulus operator (%) to limit the random number within a specific …
Introduction To find the sum of two numbers without using arithmetic operators, such as +, -, *, or /, we can use bitwise operators. Specifically, we can use the bitwise XOR ^ and AND & operators along with bitwise shift operations to perform the addition. Explanation: XOR (^): The XOR operation gives us the sum …
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Introduction A graph is a data structure that consists of a set of vertices (nodes) and a set of edges that connect pairs of vertices. One of the common ways to represent a graph is by using an adjacency matrix. An adjacency matrix is a 2D array of size V x V, where V is …
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Introduction Depth-First Search (DFS) is an algorithm for traversing or searching tree or graph data structures. The algorithm starts at the root (or an arbitrary node in the case of a graph) and explores as far as possible along each branch before backtracking. DFS can be implemented using recursion (implicitly using a stack) or using …
Introduction Breadth-First Search (BFS) is an algorithm for traversing or searching tree or graph data structures. It starts at a given node (usually called the root in the case of trees) and explores all its neighboring nodes at the present depth before moving on to nodes at the next depth level. BFS is particularly useful …
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Introduction The height of a binary tree is defined as the number of edges on the longest path from the root to a leaf node. It can also be seen as the number of levels in the tree minus one. If the tree is empty, its height is considered to be -1. For a tree …
Introduction Postorder traversal is a type of depth-first traversal method for binary trees. In postorder traversal, the nodes are recursively visited in the following order: left subtree, right subtree, root node. This traversal method is particularly useful when you need to delete or process all the children of a node before the node itself, such …
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Introduction Inorder traversal is one of the depth-first traversal methods for binary trees. In an inorder traversal, the nodes are recursively visited in the following order: left subtree, root node, right subtree. This traversal method is particularly useful when you want to retrieve the elements of a binary search tree in sorted order. Example: Tree …
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Introduction A Binary Search Tree (BST) is a binary tree data structure where each node has a key, and the key of the left child is less than the key of the parent node, while the key of the right child is greater than the key of the parent node. This property makes BSTs useful …
Introduction Shell Sort is an in-place comparison-based sorting algorithm that generalizes insertion sort to allow the exchange of items that are far apart. The algorithm first sorts elements that are far apart and then progressively reduces the gap between elements to be compared. By sorting elements that are further apart, Shell Sort can move elements …
Introduction Counting Sort is a non-comparative sorting algorithm that sorts a collection of elements by counting the occurrences of each unique element. The algorithm works efficiently on datasets where the range of input values is not significantly larger than the number of elements to be sorted. Counting Sort is particularly useful for sorting integers and …
Introduction Radix Sort is a non-comparative sorting algorithm that sorts numbers by processing individual digits. It sorts the numbers by their least significant digit (LSD) first, moving to the most significant digit (MSD). The process is repeated for each digit position, using a stable sorting algorithm like counting sort or bucket sort to maintain the …
Introduction Heap Sort is a comparison-based sorting algorithm that uses a binary heap data structure. It’s an in-place, non-stable sorting algorithm with a time complexity of O(n log n). The algorithm builds a max-heap from the input data and then repeatedly extracts the maximum element (which is at the root) and rebuilds the heap until …
Introduction Merge Sort is a classic divide-and-conquer sorting algorithm. It works by dividing the array into two halves, recursively sorting each half, and then merging the two sorted halves back together. The merge operation ensures that the final array is sorted. Merge Sort is known for its efficiency, particularly for large datasets, and has a …
Introduction Quick Sort is an efficient, in-place, comparison-based sorting algorithm. It works by selecting a "pivot" element from the array and partitioning the other elements into two sub-arrays, according to whether they are less than or greater than the pivot. The sub-arrays are then sorted recursively. This process continues until the entire array is sorted. …
Introduction Binary search is an efficient algorithm for finding an item from a sorted list of elements. It works by repeatedly dividing the search interval in half. If the value of the search key is less than the item in the middle of the interval, the search focuses on the left half, or if the …
Introduction A double-ended queue, or deque (pronounced "deck"), is a linear data structure that allows insertion and deletion of elements from both ends (i.e., front and rear). This makes the deque more flexible than a standard queue, which only allows operations at one end. Deques can be used in various applications, such as implementing undo …
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Introduction A priority queue is an abstract data type similar to a regular queue, but with an added priority element for each item. Elements with higher priority are dequeued before elements with lower priority, regardless of their insertion order. A priority queue can be implemented using various data structures, but in this example, we’ll use …
Introduction Postfix expressions, also known as Reverse Polish Notation (RPN), are expressions where the operators follow their operands. Evaluating postfix expressions is straightforward and can be efficiently done using a stack. In this approach, operands are pushed onto the stack, and when an operator is encountered, the required number of operands is popped from the …
Introduction Infix expressions are the standard arithmetic expressions where operators are placed between operands, such as A + B. Postfix expressions, also known as Reverse Polish Notation (RPN), place operators after their operands, such as AB+. Converting infix expressions to postfix expressions is essential in compiler design and expression evaluation because postfix expressions eliminate the …
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Introduction A circular queue is a linear data structure that follows the First In, First Out (FIFO) principle, but unlike a standard queue, the last position is connected back to the first position to make a circle. This allows efficient use of space by reusing previously used slots once they are freed. The circular queue …
Introduction A queue is a linear data structure that follows the First In, First Out (FIFO) principle. When implementing a queue using a linked list, each element (or node) in the queue contains data and a pointer to the next node. The queue operations, such as enqueue (insert) and dequeue (remove), can be easily handled …
Introduction A queue is a linear data structure that follows the First In, First Out (FIFO) principle. This means that the first element added to the queue will be the first one to be removed. A queue can be implemented using an array, where elements are added at the rear (end) of the array and …
Introduction A stack is a linear data structure that follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle. In a stack implemented using a linked list, each node contains data and a pointer to the next node. The top of the stack is represented by the head of the linked list, and stack operations such as …