Introduction Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows a new class (called the child or subclass) to inherit attributes and methods from an existing class (called the parent or superclass). This enables code reuse and the creation of hierarchical class structures, where specialized classes share common behavior from more general classes. …
Introduction Classes and objects are fundamental concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP). A class is a blueprint for creating objects (instances), providing initial values for state (member variables or properties) and implementations of behavior (member functions or methods). An object is an instance of a class, containing real data that the class blueprint defines. This tutorial …
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Introduction The Tower of Hanoi is a classic problem in computer science and mathematics that involves moving a stack of disks from one rod to another, following certain rules. The problem consists of three rods and a number of disks of different sizes, which can slide onto any rod. The puzzle starts with the disks …
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Introduction The Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of two numbers is the largest positive integer that divides both numbers without leaving a remainder. The GCD is also known as the greatest common factor (GCF) or the highest common factor (HCF). One of the most efficient algorithms to find the GCD is Euclid’s algorithm, which can be …
Introduction The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, usually starting with 0 and 1. The sequence typically starts as follows: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …. In mathematical terms, the Fibonacci sequence is defined as: F(0) = 0 F(1) …
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Introduction Factorial is a mathematical operation that multiplies a given number by every positive integer less than it. The factorial of a number n is denoted as n! and is calculated as: n! = n * (n-1) * (n-2) * … * 1 0! = 1 (by definition) Recursion is an effective method to calculate …
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Introduction Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself to solve smaller instances of a problem until a base condition is met. Recursive functions are particularly useful for solving problems that can be broken down into smaller, similar sub-problems, such as calculating factorials, generating Fibonacci sequences, and traversing trees. This tutorial will guide …
Introduction Default arguments in Python allow you to define a function with default values for one or more parameters. This feature is useful when you want to make some parameters optional or provide a default behavior if no argument is provided for those parameters. This tutorial will guide you through creating a Python program that …
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Introduction In Python, a function can return more than one value by using a tuple, list, or dictionary. This allows you to return multiple results from a single function call, which is useful in scenarios where a function needs to provide several related outcomes. This tutorial will guide you through creating a Python program that …
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Introduction Functions are a fundamental building block in Python programming, allowing you to encapsulate code into reusable blocks. A function can take inputs, perform a specific task, and optionally return a value. This tutorial will guide you through creating a simple function in Python. Example: Function Name: greet_user Function Purpose: Print a greeting message. Program …
Introduction Renaming a file is a common task in file management. Python provides a simple way to rename files using the os module, which contains functions to interact with the operating system. This tutorial will guide you through creating a Python program that renames a specified file. Example: Original File Name: old_name.txt New File Name: …
Introduction Deleting a file is a common task when managing files and directories in Python. Python provides a built-in module called os that includes functions for interacting with the operating system, including file operations like deletion. This tutorial will guide you through creating a Python program that deletes a specified file. Example: File to Delete: …
Introduction Finding the longest word in a file is a common task when analyzing text data. This task involves reading the file, splitting the content into words, and determining which word is the longest based on its length. This tutorial will guide you through creating a Python program that finds the longest word in a …
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Introduction Counting the number of words in a file is a common task when processing text data, such as analyzing documents, logs, or any textual content. This Python program reads a file, counts the number of words, and displays the result. The program handles text by reading each line, splitting it into words, and counting …
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Introduction Reading a file line by line is a common task in Python, especially when dealing with large files or when you want to process each line separately. Python provides several methods to read a file line by line, which allows you to handle files efficiently without loading the entire file into memory. This tutorial …
Introduction Appending data to a file is a common task when you want to add information to an existing file without overwriting its contents. Python makes it easy to append data to a file using the built-in functions. This tutorial will guide you through creating a Python program that appends data to a file. Example: …
Introduction Writing to files is a common task in Python programming, particularly for tasks such as logging, data storage, or generating reports. Python provides built-in functions to easily write data to files. This tutorial will guide you through creating a Python program that writes data to a file. Example: File Name: output.txt Data to Write: …
Introduction Reading files is a common task in Python programming, especially when dealing with data processing, configuration files, or logging. Python provides built-in functions to easily read the contents of a file. This tutorial will guide you through creating a Python program that reads the contents of a file and displays it. Example: File Content …
Introduction The trace of a matrix is the sum of the elements on its main diagonal (the diagonal that runs from the top-left corner to the bottom-right corner). This operation is only defined for square matrices (matrices with the same number of rows and columns). The trace is often used in linear algebra for various …
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Introduction The transpose of a matrix is an operation that flips a matrix over its diagonal, meaning that the rows become columns and the columns become rows. In other words, the element at position (i, j) in the original matrix will be at position (j, i) in the transposed matrix. This tutorial will guide you …
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Introduction Matrix multiplication is a fundamental operation in linear algebra. Unlike element-wise operations like addition and subtraction, matrix multiplication involves combining the rows of the first matrix with the columns of the second matrix. The resulting matrix will have dimensions equal to the number of rows of the first matrix and the number of columns …
Introduction Matrix subtraction is a basic operation in linear algebra, where two matrices of the same dimensions are subtracted element-wise. This tutorial will guide you through creating a Python program that subtracts one matrix from another. Example: Matrix 1: 5 6 7 8 9 10 Matrix 2: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Resultant Matrix: …
Introduction Matrix addition is a basic operation in linear algebra, where two matrices of the same dimensions are added together by adding their corresponding elements. This tutorial will guide you through creating a Python program that adds two matrices. Example: Matrix 1: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Matrix 2: 7 8 9 1 2 …
Introduction A matrix is a two-dimensional array of elements arranged in rows and columns. In Python, matrices can be represented using lists of lists, where each inner list represents a row of the matrix. This tutorial will guide you through creating a Python program that creates a matrix and displays it. Example: Input: Number of …
Introduction In Python, sets are unordered collections of unique elements, while lists are ordered and can contain duplicate elements. There are situations where you may want to convert a set into a list, for example, when you need to maintain order or work with list-specific methods. This tutorial will guide you through creating a Python …