The os.getpid function in Python’s os module returns the current process ID. This function is useful for obtaining the process ID of the running Python script, which can be used for various tasks such as logging, debugging, and managing system resources.

The os.fsync function in Python’s os module flushes changes made to a file to the disk. This function ensures that all changes to a file are physically written to the storage device, which is important for data integrity and consistency.

The os.dup2 function in Python’s os module duplicates a file descriptor to a specified file descriptor number. This function is useful for redirecting file descriptors, such as standard input, output, and error, to other files or devices.

The os.dup function in Python’s os module duplicates a file descriptor, returning a new file descriptor that refers to the same file or resource. This function is useful for managing file descriptors in low-level file operations.

The os.access function in Python’s os module checks the user’s access permissions for a specified path. This function is useful for verifying whether a user has the necessary permissions to read, write, or execute a file or directory.

The os.urandom function in Python’s os module generates a string of random bytes suitable for cryptographic use. This function is useful for generating secure random numbers for tasks such as creating unique identifiers, tokens, and keys.

The os.environ dictionary in Python’s os module provides a mapping of the environment variables. This dictionary allows you to access, modify, and manage environment variables from within your Python script.

The os.popen function in Python’s os module opens a pipe to or from a command. The returned file object can be read from or written to, depending on whether the mode is ‘r’ (default) or ‘w’.

The os.system function in Python’s os module allows you to run shell commands from within a Python script. This function is useful for executing system-level commands and integrating external programs into your Python applications.

The os.walk function in Python’s os module generates the file names in a directory tree, walking either top-down or bottom-up through the directory tree. This function is useful for recursively accessing directories and files within a specified directory.

The os.path.expanduser function in Python’s os.path module expands a path that starts with a tilde (~) to the full path of the user’s home directory. This function is useful for creating paths that are user-independent and can be run on different systems without modification.

The os.path.splitext function in Python’s os.path module splits the file name into a pair (root, ext) where root is the part of the file name before the last dot, and ext is the file extension, including the dot. This function is useful for extracting the file extension and base name separately.

The os.path.dirname function in Python’s os.path module returns the directory name of a specified path. This function is useful for extracting the directory component of a file path.

The os.path.basename function in Python’s os.path module returns the base name of a specified path. This function is useful for extracting the final component of a path, such as a file name or directory name.

The os.path.abspath function in Python’s os.path module returns the absolute path of a specified path. This function is useful for converting relative paths to absolute paths, which are necessary for various file operations.

The os.path.getsize function in Python’s os.path module returns the size of a specified file in bytes. This function is useful for obtaining the file size for storage management or processing.

The os.path.isdir function in Python’s os.path module checks whether a specified path is an existing directory. This function is useful for verifying that a path points to a directory and not a file or other type of filesystem object.

The os.path.isfile function in Python’s os.path module checks whether a specified path is an existing regular file. This function is useful for verifying that a path points to a file and not a directory or other type of filesystem object.

The os.path.exists function in Python’s os.path module checks whether a specified path exists. This function is useful for verifying the presence of a file or directory before performing operations on them.

The os.path.join function in Python’s os.path module concatenates one or more path components intelligently. This function is useful for constructing file and directory paths in a way that is compatible with the operating system’s path separator.

The os.chdir function in Python’s os module changes the current working directory of the process to the specified path. This function is useful for navigating directories programmatically within a script.

The os.getcwd function in Python’s os module returns the current working directory of the process. This function is useful for retrieving the directory in which the script is currently running.

The os.chown function in Python’s os module changes the owner and group of a specified file or directory. This function is useful for managing file ownership in scripts and applications.

The os.chmod function in Python’s os module changes the mode (permissions) of a file or directory. This function is useful for setting file permissions programmatically.

The os.stat function in Python’s os module retrieves the status of a specified path. This function returns an os.stat_result object containing various attributes about the file or directory, such as its size, permissions, and modification time.